How Airspeed Sensors Work

Aircraft measure speed in two main ways. The classical method uses a Pitot tube, which captures stagnation pressure from air flowing into a forward-facing tube and compares it to static pressure via Bernoulli's equation to calculate airspeed. Commercial aircraft use multiple heated pitot tubes for redundancy. The modern alternative is GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), which calculates speed from position changes over time — though it reports ground speed rather than airspeed, making it a supplementary rather than primary instrument.

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